Intshayelelo emfutshane yeedayi ezisebenzayo
Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu eyadlulayo, abantu babenethemba lokuvelisa iidayi ezinokwenza amalaphu adayiweyo alungelelane, ngaloo ndlela ephucula ukuhlanjwa kwamalaphu adayiweyo.Ukuza kuthi ga ngo-1954, uRaitee kunye noStephen weNkampani yaseBnemen bafumanisa ukuba iidayi eziqulathe iqela le-dichloro-s-triazine zinokudibana ngokubambisana namaqela e-hydroxyl esisiseko kwi-cellulose phantsi kweemeko zealkaline Ndawonye, emva koko idayiwe ngokuqinileyo kwifayibha, kukho udidi lwedayi ezisebenzayo ezinokusebenza. yenza iibhondi ezi-covalent kunye nefayibha ngokusabela kweekhemikhali, ezaziwa ngokuba ziidayi ezisebenzayo.Ukuvela kwedayi ezisebenzayo kuvule iphepha elitsha kraca kwimbali yophuhliso lweedayi.
Ukususela ekufikeni kwedayi esebenzayo ngo-1956, ukuphuhliswa kwayo kube kwindawo ehamba phambili.Okwangoku, imveliso yonyaka yeedayi ezisebenzayo kwiifiber ze-cellulose kwihlabathi libalelwa ngaphezu kwe-20% yemveliso yonyaka yazo zonke iidayi.Ukudaya okusebenzayo kunokukhula ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yezi mpawu zilandelayo:
1. Idayi inokusabela kunye nefiber ukwenza ibhondi edibeneyo.Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, olo bhondi aluyi kuhlukana, ngoko ke xa idayi esebenzayo idayiwe kwifiber, inokukhawuleza kokudaya, ngakumbi unyango olumanzi.Ukongeza, emva kokudaya ifayibha, ayizukuhlupheka kukukhanya okukhanyayo njengedayi zevat.
2. Inomgangatho obalaseleyo wokusebenza, umbala oqaqambileyo, ukuqaqamba okuhle, ukusetyenziswa ngokulula, ichromatography epheleleyo, kunye neendleko eziphantsi.
3. Iyakwazi ukuveliswa ngobuninzi e-China kwaye inokuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo neemfuno zeshishini lokuprinta kunye nokudaya;uluhlu lwayo olubanzi olusetyenziswayo alunakusetyenziselwa ukudaywa kweefiber ze-cellulose kuphela, kodwa kunye nokudaya iiprotheyini zemicu kunye nezinye iilaphu ezixutywe.
Imbali yeedayi ezisebenzayo
Ukususela ngo-1920, uCiba uqalise uphando kwiidayi ze-cyanuric, ezinomsebenzi ongcono kunazo zonke iidayi ezithe ngqo, ngakumbi i-Chloratine Fast Blue 8G.Kukudityaniswa kwemolekyuli yangaphakathi eyenziwe ngedayi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eneqela le-amine kunye nedayi etyheli kunye nekhonkco le-cyanuric kwithoni eluhlaza, oko kukuthi, idayi ine-athomu yeklorini engatshintshiyo, kwaye phantsi kweemeko ezithile, iyakwazi. impendulo yakha ibhondi edibeneyo, kodwa ayizange iqatshelwe ngelo xesha.
Ngowe-1923, uCiba wafumanisa ukuba idayi eneasidi ebizwa ngokuba yimonochlorotriazine edaywe ngoboya, ekwaziyo ukumanzisa ngokukhawuleza, ngoko ngowe-1953 wenza idayi yohlobo lweCibalan Brill.Kwangelo xesha, ngo-1952, i-Hearst yavelisa i-Remalan, idayi esebenzayo yoboya, ngokusekelwe ekufundeni amaqela e-vinyl sulfone.Kodwa ezi ntlobo zimbini zedayi azizange ziphumelele kakhulu ngelo xesha.Ngo-1956 iBu Neimen ekugqibeleni yavelisa idayi yokuqala yorhwebo esebenzayo yomqhaphu, ebizwa ngokuba yiProcion, ngoku eyidayi ye-dichloro-triazine.
Ngowe-1957, uBenemen wenza enye idayi esebenzayo ye-monochlorotriazine, ebizwa ngokuba yiProcion H.
Ngo-1958, i-Hearst Corporation yasebenzisa ngempumelelo idayi ye-vinyl sulfone-based reactive yokudaya iifiber ze-cellulose, ezaziwa ngokuba yi-Remazol dyes.
Ngowe-1959, uSandoz noCargill bavelisa ngokusesikweni enye idayi yeqela elisebenzayo, elibizwa ngokuba yi-trichloropyrimidine.Ngowe-1971, kwesi siseko, ukusebenza okungcono kwedayi ezisebenzayo ze-difluorochloropyrimidine zaphuhliswa.Ngomnyaka we-1966, i-Ciba yavelisa idayi esebenzayo esekelwe kwi-a-bromoacrylamide, esebenza kakuhle kwidayi yoboya, eyabeka isiseko sokusetyenziswa kwedayi eziphezulu kwi-wulu kwixa elizayo.
Ngo-1972 e-Baidu, u-Benemen wavelisa idayi enamaqela amabini asebenzayo, oko kukuthi i-Procion HE, ngesiseko sedayi ye-monochlorotriazine esebenzayo.Olu hlobo lwedayi luye lwaphucula ngakumbi ngokwemigaqo yokuphinda isebenze kunye ne-cotton fibers, izinga lokulungiswa kunye nezinye iimpawu.
Kwi-1976, i-Buneimen yavelisa iklasi yeedayi kunye namaqela e-phosphonic acid njengeqela elisebenzayo.Iyakwazi ukwenza i-covalent bond kunye ne-cellulose fibers phantsi kweemeko ezingezizo ze-alkali, ngokukodwa ezifanelekileyo ukudaya ngeedayi ezisasazeka kwindawo yokuhlambela efanayo yokuprinta i-paste efanayo, igama lezorhwebo nguPushian T. Ngowe-1980, ngokusekelwe kwi-vinyl sulfone Sumifix dye, iSumitomo. I-Corporation yase-Japan iphuhlise i-vinyl sulfone kunye ne-monochlorotriazine iidayi zeqela ezisebenza kabini.
Ngo-1984, i-Nippon Kayaku Corporation yenza idayi esebenzayo ebizwa ngokuba yiKayasalon, eyongeza i-nicotinic acid endaweni yeringi ye-triazine.Inokusabela ngokudibeneyo kunye neentsinga zeselulosi phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye neemeko ezingathathi hlangothi, ngoko ke ilungele ukudaya amalaphu e-polyester / umqhaphu adityanisiweyo anobushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu indlela yokudaya enye yokudaya yokusasaza / idayi esebenzayo.
Ukudaya okuSebenzayo
Ubume bedayi ezisebenzayo
Umthengisi wokudaya osebenzayo ukholelwa ukuba owona mahluko mkhulu phakathi kwedayi ezisebenzayo kunye nezinye iindidi zedayi kukuba iimolekyuli zazo ziqulathe amaqela asebenzayo anokuthi adibane ngokudibeneyo namaqela athile efayibha (ihydroxyl, amino) ngokusabela kwekhemikhali Ebizwa ngokuba yiqela elisebenzayo).Ulwakhiwo lwedayi ezisebenzayo lungabonakaliswa ngale fomyula ilandelayo ngokubanzi: S－D－B－Re
Kwifomula: Iqela le-S-i-soluble yamanzi, njengeqela le-sulfonic acid;
D——Imatrix yedayi;
B——Iqela elidibanisayo phakathi kwedayi engumzali neqela elisebenzayo;
Iqela eliphinda lisebenze.
Ngokubanzi, ukusetyenziswa kwedayi esebenzayo kwimicu ye-textile kufuneka ibe nezi meko zilandelayo:
Ukunyibilika okuphezulu kwamanzi, ukuzinza okuphezulu kokugcinwa, akulula ukwenza i-hydrolyze;
Inokusebenza okuphezulu kwifiber kunye nezinga eliphezulu lokulungisa;
Ukubambisana kweekhemikhali phakathi kwedayi kunye nefiber kunozinzo oluphezulu lweekhemikhali, oko kukuthi, ibhondi akulula ukucima ngexesha lokusetyenziswa;
I-diffusability elungileyo, umgangatho olungileyo wokudaya kunye nokungena kakuhle kwedayi;
Ukukhawuleza kokudaya okuhlukahlukeneyo, okufana nokukhanya kwelanga, imozulu, ukuhlamba, ukuhlikihla, ukuxhathisa i-chlorine bleaching, njl.
Idayi ezingaphendulwanga kunye nedayi ene-hydrolyzed kulula ukuyihlamba emva kokudaya, ngaphandle kokungcola;
Ukudaya kulungile, kunokudaywa nzulu kwaye kube mnyama;
Le miqathango ingentla inxulumene ngokusondeleyo namaqela asebenzayo, i-precursors yedayi, amaqela anyibilikayo emanzini, njl.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-23-2020